The consolidation of Germany from the nearly states of the Holy Roman Empire dissolved in into a much less complex system of 39 states four of which were free cities was confirmed. These states formed a loose German Confederation under the leadership of Austria and Prussia. Representatives at the Congress agreed to numerous other territorial changes.
This sparked the nationalist movement which led to the establishment of the Kingdom of Norway on May 17, , and the subsequent personal union with Sweden. The Papal States were restored to the Pope. The Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia was restored to its mainland possessions and gained control of the Republic of Genoa. A large United Kingdom of the Netherlands was formed for the Prince of Orange, including both the old United Provinces and the formerly Austrian-ruled territories in the Southern Netherlands.
Other, less important territorial adjustments included significant gains for the German Kingdoms of Hanover which gained East Frisia from Prussia and various other territories in Northwest Germany and Bavaria which gained the Rhenish Palatinate and territories in Franconia. On both sides, Louis granted amnesties, hoping to "start over" in France. The wealthy, however, remembering the leveling effects of the Revolution, became passionately anti-revolutionary, or reactionary.
The reactionary element only increased after the King's nephew, the Duke of Berry, was assassinated in Unlike the moderate Louis, Charles was a hard-core reactionary, and hated all the changes taking place in France, even the ones Louis had initiated.
Charles believed himself to be a monarch appointed by God, and he started trampling on basic elements of liberalism like the French constitution. Initially, its government was quite liberal; though ruled by Alexander, Poland had a constitution. Alexander considered himself an "enlightened despot" and spoke often of granting freedom to the people, but he soon found that when he did give the people some self-government, they didn't always agree with what he wanted them to do.
Liking liberal reforms in theory more than practice, Alexander increasingly curtailed Poland's right of self- government. As a result of its frustrated desire for self-rule, Polish Nationalism began to rise. Secret societies developed, and a university movement which Alexander put down in the s got underway.
Italy and Germany are divided amongst petty states though the German state of Prussia has risen to middle power status and dominates north central Europe. Prussia's position between France, Austria and Russia makes it vulnerable to encirclement.
Spain remains a large country with many overseas possessions but it is a weak military and economic power. Similarly the Ottoman empire still holds vast areas of Europe, Asia and Africa but it is backwards militarily and economically and not equal to the European powers militarily. By , the fighting in Europe has led to some changes in the political status quo. The major powers - Britain, France and Austria are pretty much the same as before.
But in Italy, the French puppet state of the Italian Republic has been created as a result of Napoleon's victories there. By the map of Europe reflects the enormous changes wrought by Napoleon's campaigns in Europe and the political re-alignment that followed. Blaming the hard lives of the working class on Napoleon's war mongering, Britain made it through a critical and dangerous time of its young Industrial Revolution.
The quagmire Napoleon had made of Europe was cleaned up, as much as it could be, by the Congress of Vienna The resultant agreement from the two years of deliberation was undoubtedly one of the most important and complicated treaties in human history. The international order that the Congress designed was balanced enough that future rising powers could be stopped by coalitions of other powers.
This made Europe fairly stable for the next century, but it also protected conservative regimes. Napoleon had spread the new liberal changes as he spread his empire; the kings and aristocrats at the Congress of Vienna figured out a way to prolong the life of the old conservative regimes a while longer. Thus, the Congress of Vienna set the stage for the coming battle between liberalism and conservatism in the following period, from to the revolutionary year SparkTeach Teacher's Handbook.
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